Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has had devastating effects on the Ukrainian population and the global economy, environment, and political order. However, little is known about the psychological states surrounding the outbreak of war, particularly the mental well-being of individuals outside Ukraine. Here, we present a longitudinal experience-sampling study of a convenience sample from 17 European countries (total participants = 1,341, total assessments = 44,894, countries with >100 participants = 5) that allows us to track well-being levels across countries during the weeks surrounding the outbreak of war. Our data show a significant decline in well-being on the day of the Russian invasion. Recovery over the following weeks was associated with an individual's personality but was not statistically significantly associated with their age, gender, subjective social status, and political orientation. In general, well-being was lower on days when the war was more salient on social media. Our results demonstrate the need to consider the psychological implications of the Russo-Ukrainian war next to its humanitarian, economic, and ecological consequences.

Exploring Attitudes Toward "Sugar Relationships" Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship.

The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia.

The personality puzzle: a comprehensive analysis of its impact on three buying behaviors.

This study aimed at examining the role of personality traits in impulsive buying, compulsive buying, and panic buying simultaneously during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the beginning of the third confinement announced by the Portuguese government, 485 Portuguese answered in this study, mean age of 41.9 years (min = 18, max = 84; SD = 12.9), and 29.9% were men. Analyzes were carried out to investigate the association of Big Five's personality factors with impulsive buying, compulsive buying, and panic buying. Results showed that the three buying behaviors under study have significant and positive correlations between them, and they also correlate with different personality traits. The association of each Big Five factor on buying behaviors differed. While conscientiousness was negatively and openness was positively associated with impulsive buying, conscientiousness was negatively associated with compulsive buying, agreeableness was positively associated with panic buying, and neuroticism correlated positively with all consumer behaviors. Understanding the personality traits that contribute to the development of a disorder may provide valuable insight into preventive measures and effective treatment approaches for some debilitating disorders. This study opens ways for investigating impulsive buying and compulsive buying by relating them to panic buying. It discusses the three different buying behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future consumer research directions involving other variables.

Dental caries in HIV-infected children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the risk of dental caries in between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and uninfected children and adolescents. An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web-of-Science, Scopus, LILACS, ProQuest, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to May 2022. The critical appraisal checklist developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4. Sixteen studies were included. A total of 3231 participants were evaluated, including 1701 and 1530 HIV-infected and uninfected children and adolescents, respectively. The meta-analysis revealed a higher risk of dental caries for primary dentitions in HIV-infected children and adolescents by decayed, missing, filled tooth (dmft) (SMD:0.34; p = 0.006) and decayed, missing, filled surface (dmfs) scores (SMD:0.37; p = 0.001). Similar results were observed for permanent dentition, with increased dental caries in HIV-infected children and adolescents with DMFT (SMD:0.32; p = 0.003) and DMFS (SMD:1.78; p < 0.0001) scores. Regarding the quality assessment, most of the included studies were moderate or good quality. However, the certainty of the evidence of the outcomes was very low. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed higher caries severity in permanent and deciduous teeth among HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Associated oral manifestations with HIV southeastern Brazilian patients on antiretroviral therapy

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients living with HIV infection and their association with CD4 count, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 161 patients attending the… All the patients were examined for their oral lesions, current CD4 counts, type, and duration of the therapy. Data analyses were carried out using Chi-Square, Student T/Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests. Results Oral lesions were observed in 58.39% of patients with HIV. Periodontal disease with 78 (48.45%) or without mobility 79 (49.07%) was observed more frequently, followed by hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa 23 (14.29%), Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) 15 (9.32%), candidiasis pseudomembranous 14 (8.70%). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) was observed only in 3 (1.86%). A relationship between periodontal disease with dental mobility and smoking was found (p = 0.04), as well duration of treatment (p = 1.53e-3) and age (p = 0.02). Hyperpigmentation was related to race (p = 0.01) and smoking (p = 1.30e-6). CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, viral load, or type of treatment were not associated with oral lesions. Logistic regression showed that the duration of treatment has a protective effect on the periodontal disease with dental mobility (OR = 0.28 [−2.27 to −0.25]; p-value = 0.03), independent of age or smoking. To hyperpigmentation, the best model included smoking (OR = 8.47 [1.18-3.10], p = 1.31e-5), without race or type and duration of treatment. Conclusion Among HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, oral lesions can be observed, predominantly periodontal disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia were also observed. No relationship was found between associated oral manifestations in HIV patients and the start of the treatment, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cell count, TCD4:TCD8 ratio, or viral load. The data indicate that there is a protective effect of duration of treatment with relation to periodontal disease with mobility and that hyperpigmentation seems to be more related to smoking than type and duration of treatment. Level of evidence Level 3 (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence").

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate mimicking a pyogenic granuloma in a 30-year-old woman.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland adenocarcinoma, more frequently affecting female patients in the fifth decade of life. When MEC arises in the minor salivary glands, the palate is the primary site. This case report describes an MEC on the palate of a 30-year-old woman. The lesion was initially treated as a pyogenic granuloma, but the final diagnosis based on histopathology was low-grade MEC. The patient was referred for cancer treatment, and no recurrence was observed during 3 years of follow-up. Some malignant tumors can mimic nonneoplastic reactive lesions clinically, which highlights the importance of biopsy and proper microscopic analysis of the resulting specimens.

Associated oral manifestations with HIV southeastern Brazilian patients on antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients living with HIV infection and their association with CD4 count, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 161 patients attending the… All the patients were examined for their oral lesions, current CD4 counts, type, and duration of the therapy. Data analyses were carried out using Chi-Square, Student T/Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests. RESULTS: Oral lesions were observed in 58.39% of patients with HIV. Periodontal disease with 78 (48.45%) or without mobility 79 (49.07%) was observed more frequently, followed by hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa 23 (14.29%), Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) 15 (9.32%), candidiasis pseudomembranous 14 (8.70%). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) was observed only in 3 (1.86%). A relationship between periodontal disease with dental mobility and smoking was found (p=0.04), as well duration of treatment (p=1.53e-3) and age (p=0.02). Hyperpigmentation was related to race (p=0.01) and smoking (p=1.30e-6). CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, viral load, or type of treatment were not associated with oral lesions. Logistic regression showed that the duration of treatment has a protective effect on the periodontal disease with dental mobility (OR = 0.28 [-2.27 to -0.25]; p-value=0.03), independent of age or smoking. To hyperpigmentation, the best model included smoking (OR=8.47 [1.18-3.10], p= 1.31e-5), without race or type and duration of treatment. CONCLUSION: Among HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, oral lesions can be observed, predominantly periodontal disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia were also observed. No relationship was found between associated oral manifestations in HIV patients and the start of the treatment, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cell count, TCD4:TCD8 ratio, or viral load. The data indicate that there is a protective effect of duration of treatment with relation to periodontal disease with mobility and that hyperpigmentation seems to be more related to smoking than type and duration of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3 (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence").

Am I Exaggerating? An Affect Intensity Measure Adapted for the Brazilian Context / Eu Sou Mesmo Exagerado? Medida de Intensidade de Afetos Adaptada ao Contexto Brasileiro

Abstract The intensity of affect refers to the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. This study aimed to adapt and seek evidence of validity for the version of the Short Affect Intensity Scale (SAIS) for the Brazilian context. After translation procedures, the translated version of the SAIS was applied, along with instruments to measure personality and subjective well-being in 1,180 Brazilians. The results revealed the adequacy of the three-factor structure for the instrument: Positive Intensity, Negative Intensity, and Serenity. Correlations with other variables were verified as theoretically expected. For example, positive correlations were found between Positive Intensity and Extraversion and Positive Affect; Negative Intensity and Neuroticism, and Negative Affect. The instrument proved to be adequate for the Brazilian context.

Resumo A intensidade de afetos diz respeito à força com que indivíduos experienciam suas emoções. O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar e buscar evidências de validade da Short Affect Intensity Scale (SAIS) para o contexto brasileiro. Após procedimentos de tradução, aplicou-se a versão traduzida da SAIS, juntamente com instrumentos para aferir personalidade e bem-estar subjetivo em 1.180 brasileiros. Os resultados revelaram a adequação da estrutura de três fatores para o instrumento: Intensidade Positiva, Intensidade Negativa, Serenidade. Também se verificaram correlações com outras variáveis conforme esperado teoricamente. Por exemplo, encontraram-se correlações positivas entre Intensidade Positiva e Extroversão e Afeto Positivo; Intensidade Negativa e Neuroticismo e Afeto Negativo. O instrumento mostrou-se adequado ao contexto brasileiro.

Assessment of infection control in oral radiology during the COVID-19 outbreak: An international collaborative study.

Purpose: In the context of COVID-19, studies evaluating the adherence of dentists and dental students to infection control are relevant due to their high occupational exposure and risk, as well as their responsibility for disseminating information and good practices. This study evaluated the adherence of dentists and dental students to infection control in the oral radiology field in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic on different continents. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved individuals who performed intraoral radiographic examinations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Questionnaire on Infection Control in Oral Radiology was administered virtually using a Google Form. Participants from different continents (the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Oceania) were recruited. Data were subjected to descriptive analysis and simple and multiple binary regression (5%). Results: There were 582 valid answers, and 68.73% of the participants were from the Americas, 18.90% from Europe, and 12.37% from Asia. The median score for infection control protocols was 94 points for dental students and 104 points for dentists, and participants below the median were considered to have low adherence to infection control in oral radiology. Low access to infection control was found for 53.0% of dentists in the Americas, 34.0% from Europe, and 26.9% from Asia. Conclusion: The adherence to infection control protocols in oral radiology was low even in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results may help improve the awareness of students and professionals, since oral radiology routines have the potential for transmitting COVID-19.

Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis and Myiasis in Oroantral Communication: Clinicopathological and Tomographic Findings

Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the maxilla presenting with oroantral communication is very rare, herein we report the first case of this condition in association with myiasis. A 50-year-old man reported chronic sinusopathy and a non-healing maxillary lesion, with 30 years of evolution, presenting occasional nasal and intraoral purulent discharge, with foul smell, and recurrent episodes of larvae presence. Cone beam computed tomography showed a large hyperdense image inside the left maxillary sinus, with focal areas with soft tissue density, and extensive discontinuity of the maxillary sinus floor, confirming the oroantral fistula. The necrotic tissue curetted during surgery presented hard consistency, and dark greenish color, and was submitted for histopathological analysis. Microscopically, necrotic bone, masses of filamentous bacteria colonie s, compatible with actinomycosis, and large rhomboidal structures surrounded by eosinophilic capsule - suggestive of larvae, were observed. The diagnosis of actinomycotic osteomyelitis with presence of structures compatible with larvae was established.

La osteomielitis actinomicótica del maxilar que se presenta con comunicación oroantral es poco frequente. En este trabajo reportamos el primer caso de esta condición en asociación con miasis. Un hombre de 50 años que refiere sinusopatía crónica y lesión maxilar que no cicatriza, de 30 años de evolución, presenta secreción ocasional purulenta nasal e intraoral, con mal olor y episodios recurrentes de presencia de larvas. La tomografía computarizada de haz cónico mostró una gran imagen hiperdensa en el interior del seno maxilar izquierdo, con áreas focales con densidad de partes blandas y una extensa discontinuidad del piso del seno maxilar, lo que confirma la fístula oroantral. El tejido necrótico legrado durante la cirugía presentó consistencia dura, coloración verdosa oscura, y fue remitido para análisis histopatológico. Microscópicamente se observó hueso necrótico, masas de colonias de bacterias filamentosas compatibles con actinomicosis y grandes estructuras romboidales rodeadas de cápsula eosinofílica sugestiva de larvas. Se estableció el diagnóstico de osteomielitis actinomicótica con presencia de estructuras compatibles con larvas.

American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Eastern Minas Gerais: veiled reality of a neglected disease / Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana no Leste de Minas Gerais: realidade velada de uma doença negligenciada

Objective: to analyze the notified and confirmed cases of ACL in a municipality in east Minas Gerais, from 2007 to 2020. Methods: a combined study was carried out as a cross-sectional and an ecological approach of time series type, using notified and confirmed ACL cases, from 2007 to 2020. Primary and secondary data were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (simple linear regression, T-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square (χ2) at a 5% significance level). Results: a total of 219 cases were reported with a decreasing temporal trend, with a higher frequency observed for the cutaneous form (82.6%), age group 40 to 59 years (32.1%), black race (56.4%), and completed elementary school (47.7%). Individuals with the mucosal clinical form had lesions for a longer time, a greater chance of not progressing to cure, and used more vials of meglumine antimoniate when compared to patients with the cutaneous form. Conclusions: different correlations were observed between the variables studied and the profile of involvement described in the scientific literature, with the clinical form predominantly cutaneous and with a good prognosis.

Objetivo: analisar os casos notificados e confirmados de LTA em um município do leste de Minas Gerais, no período de 2007 a 2020. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo combinado com abordagem transversal e ecológica do tipo série temporal, utilizando casos notificados e confirmados de LTA, de 2007 a 2020. Foram utilizados dados primários e secundários. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial (regressão linear simples, teste T, Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado (χ2) com nível de significância de 5%). Resultados: foram notificados 219 casos com tendência temporal decrescente, com maior frequência observada para a forma cutânea (82,6%), faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos (32,1%), raça negra (56,4%) e ensino fundamental completo (47,7%). Indivíduos com a forma clínica mucosa apresentaram maior tempo de lesão, maior possibilidade de não evoluir para cura e utilizaram mais ampolas de antimoniato de meglumina quando comparados aos pacientes com a forma cutânea. Conclusões: foram observadas diferentes correlações entre as variáveis estudadas e o perfil de acometimento descrito na literatura científica, com a forma clínica predominantemente cutânea e com bom prognóstico.

The globalizability of temporal discounting.

Economic inequality is associated with preferences for smaller, immediate gains over larger, delayed ones. Such temporal discounting may feed into rising global inequality, yet it is unclear whether it is a function of choice preferences or norms, or rather the absence of sufficient resources for immediate needs. It is also not clear whether these reflect true differences in choice patterns between income groups. We tested temporal discounting and five intertemporal choice anomalies using local currencies and value standards in 61 countries (N = 13,629). Across a diverse sample, we found consistent, robust rates of choice anomalies. Lower-income groups were not significantly different, but economic inequality and broader financial circumstances were clearly correlated with population choice patterns.

Humor Styles Are Related to Loneliness Across 15 Countries.

The relationships between self-report loneliness and the four humor styles of affiliative, aggressive, self-defeating, and self-enhancing were investigated in 15 countries (N = 4,701). Because loneliness has been suggested to be both commonly experienced and detrimental, we examine if there are similar patterns between humor styles, gender, and age with loneliness in samples of individuals from diverse backgrounds. Across the country samples, affiliative and self-enhancing humor styles negatively correlated with loneliness, self-defeating was positively correlated, and the aggressive humor style was not significantly related. In predicting loneliness, 40.5% of the variance could be accounted. Younger females with lower affiliative, lower self-enhancing, and higher self-defeating humor style scores had higher loneliness scores. The results suggest that although national mean differences may be present, the pattern of relationships between humor styles and loneliness is consistent across these diverse samples, providing some suggestions for mental health promotion among lonely individuals.

Factors associated with advanced-stage oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Brazilian population

Diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in advanced stages may be associated with social nature factors, access to health care, education, occupation, and behavioral/ cultural factors. Aim: To determine the factors related to high clinical-staging in patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma in the oral and oropharyngeal region in a Cancer Center in Brazil between 2009 and 2015. Methods: It is an epidemiological, retrospective, and exploratory study. Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma had their medical records analyzed. The variables considered were sociodemographic, lifestyle, and disease characteristics. Descriptive and exploratory tests (Pearson's, chi-square test and, Student's t-test) were realized. Results: We analyzed 365 patient records, among which 289 (79.17%) were male, and 73 (20.0%) were female. Age ranged from 16 to 101 years, with a mean of 61.13. Regarding education, 157 (43.01%) studied < 8 years, 103 (28.21%) were illiterate and 102 (27.94%) studied > 8 years. 305 (83.56%) patients live in urban areas. There was an association between high clinical-staging and low educational level. For high clinical-staging, symptomatology, tobacco, and alcohol intake as well. Conclusion: Patients with low educational levels tend to report the disease later, and their diagnostics occurred in advanced stages. Thus, specific public health policies for this population, including access to dental care to recognize the clinical signs and early diagnosis, are necessary

Anxiety, depression, and stress: Can mental health variables predict panic buying?

The study aims to verify the predictive power of anxiety, depression, and stress over panic buying, and to assess gender differences. Data was collected in Brazil during May 2020 through an online questionnaire which was composed of sociodemographic questions, the Panic Buying Scale (PBS), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to assess anxiety and depression, and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) to assess stress. 2297 Brazilians (520 men and 1777 women) aged between 18 and 85 years (M = 39.18 years; SD = 14.10 years) answered the questionnaire. Women reported statistically significant higher means' values for anxiety, depression, and stress than men. Though men reported higher panic buying levels than women, the difference was not statistically significant. The regression models revealed that anxiety and stress were panic buying predictors. Comparing gender, the regression models showed that mental health variables (anxiety and stress) explained a higher variance of men's panic buying values than women's values. Hence, there is a significant moderator gender effect between mental health variables and panic buying, as they explained more of the variance of panic buying for men than for women. Psychological support should be provided to individuals, and they should be alerted and educated to the potentially prejudicial outcomes of this type of consumer behavior. Further studies should investigate antecedents and consequences of panic buying.

Adenoid ameloblastoma with dentinoid is molecularly different from ameloblastomas and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors.

BACKGROUND: Adenoid ameloblastoma is a rare epithelial neoplasm, histologically characterized by the presence of ameloblastoma-like features, duct-like structures, epithelial whorls, and cribriform architecture. Dentinoid material is usually present. Some advocate adenoid ameloblastoma is an ameloblastoma variant. However, there are overlapping features not only with ameloblastoma, but also with adenomatoid odontogenic tumor. Most ameloblastomas are characterized by the presence of BRAF p.V600E mutations and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors harbor signature KRAS mutations. The molecular features of adenoid ameloblastoma remain unknown. METHODS: Nine adenoid ameloblastoma cases were screened by TaqMan allele-specific qPCR to assess BRAF p.V600E, ameloblastoma signature mutation, and KRAS p.G12V and p.G12R, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor signature mutations. RESULTS: BRAF and KRAS mutations were not detected in any of the adenoid ameloblastoma cases. CONCLUSION: The molecular results support adenoid ameloblastoma as an entity distinct from adenomatoid odontogenic tumor and ameloblastoma.

Mental health: Would excessive buying be a crisis coping strategy?

The COVID-19 pandemic shined a light on mental health care and led to a deepening of the study of people's consumption habits. Individuals to dampen negative emotions experienced in crisis and to try to feel in control of their lives engaged in excessive buying. When we analyzed the predictive power of anxiety, depression, and stress over excessive buying as a coping strategy in a sample of Brazilian participants that a questionnaire throughout May 2020, we concluded depression and stress were statistically significant predictors of excessive buying as a coping strategy. Excessive buying functions as a coping strategy at an endangered time, as a way for individuals to protect themselves, decrease fear, and relieve negative feelings. It is imperative to focus on mental health literacy so that individuals appropriately identify signs of mental distress and seek professional help, and to educate society to conscientious consumption habits.

Probability of oral complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between antineoplastic treatments and oral complications in patients with head and neck cancer. Medical records from 400 patients treated at a cancer center were analyzed. Univariable analysis was initially performed to verify the association between the variables and the presence of oral complications. Multivariable analysis was performed using multiple linear regression to assess the association between the type of treatment performed and the presence and types of oral complications. The medical records of 290 patients included information about the presence or absence of oral complications of therapy, and 199 of these patients experienced oral complications. An average of 1 oral complication per patient was found; 104 patients experienced 1 complication, 74 patients experienced 2 complications, and 21 patients experienced 3 or 4 complications. Oral complications were correlated with tobacco use (P = 0.01), alcohol use (P = 0.006), radiotherapy (P = 0.000), and chemotherapy (P = 0.028). The association between oral complications and radiotherapy was greater than the association between oral complications and chemotherapy, but the risk increased when both therapies were performed (odds ratio [OR] = 4.41; P = 0.004). Mucositis was associated with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the incidence increased when both types of treatment were combined (OR = 5.28; P = 0.001). Oral complications of antineoplastic therapy are related to lifestyle habits and treatment modalities. Clinicians should educate patients with head and neck cancer about the role of lifestyle habits in possible adverse treatment effects and consider a more careful approach to follow-up care of patients who are undergoing both radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Alcohol-impaired Walking in 16 Countries: A Theory-Based Investigation.

Alcohol is a global risk factor for road trauma. Although drink driving has received most of the scholarly attention, there is growing evidence of the risks of alcohol-impaired walking. Alcohol-impaired pedestrians are over-represented in fatal crashes compared to non-impaired pedestrians. Additionally, empirical evidence shows that alcohol intoxication impairs road-crossing judgements. Besides some limited early research, much is unknown about the global prevalence and determinants of alcohol-impaired walking. Understanding alcohol-impaired walking will support health promotion initiatives and injury prevention. The present investigation has three aims: (1) compare the prevalence of alcohol-impaired walking across countries; (2) identify international groups of pedestrians based on psychosocial factors (i.e., Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and perceptions of risk); and (3) investigate how segments of pedestrians form their intention for alcohol-impaired walking using the extended TPB (i.e. subjective norm, attitudes, perceived control, and perceived risk). A cross-sectional design was applied. The target behaviour question was "have you been a pedestrian when your thinking or physical ability (balance/strength) is affected by alcohol?" to ensure comparability across countries. Cluster analysis based on the extended TPB was used to identify groups of countries. Finally, regressions were used to predict pedestrians' intentions per group. A total of 6,166 respondents (Age M(SD) = 29.4 (14.2); Males = 39.2%) completed the questionnaire, ranging from 12.6% from Russia to 2.2% from Finland. The proportion of participants who reported never engaging in alcohol-impaired walking in the last three months ranged from 30.1% (Spain) to 83.1% (Turkey). Four groups of countries were identified: group-1 (Czech Republic, Spain, and Australia), group-2 (Russia and Finland), group-3 (Japan), and group-4 (final ten countries including Colombia, China, and Romania). Pedestrian intentions to engage in alcohol- impaired walking are predicted by perceptions of risk and TPB-psychosocial factors in group-1 and group-4. Favourable TPB-beliefs and low perceived risk increased alcohol-impaired walking intentions. Conversely, subjective norms were not significant in group-2 and only perceived risk predicted intention in group-3. The willingness of pedestrians to walk when alcohol-impaired differs significantly across the countries in this study. Perceived risk was the only common predictor among the 16 countries.